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<title>Naskh (script)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Naskh (script)</span></span>

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<p><b>Naskh</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a small, round script of <a href="Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>. Naskh is one of the first scripts of Islamic <a href="Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> to develop, commonly used in writing administrative documents and for transcribing books, including the <a href="Quran" title="Quran">Qur’an</a>, because of its easy legibility.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div>

<p>The Naskh style of writing can be found as early as within the first century of the <a href="Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Naskh script was established in the first century of the Hijri calendar by order of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan due to the presence of defects in the Kufic script.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two centuries before<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Muqla Like a papyrus copy of the Qur’an in Egypt in the eighth century AD , rounded script

</p><p><a href="Ibn_Muqla" title="Ibn Muqla">Ibn Muqla</a> is credited with standardizing the "Six Pens" of Islamic calligraphy, also including <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="Thuluth" title="Thuluth">thuluth</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="Tawqi" title="Tawqi">tawqi’</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="Reqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Reqa">riqaaʿ</a></span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">muhaqqaq</a></span></span>, and <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="Rayhani_script" title="Rayhani script">rayhani</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are known as "the proportioned scripts" (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-khatt al-mansub</i></span>) or "the six scripts" (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-aqlam al-sitta</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> is commonly believed to predate naskh, but historians have traced the two scripts as coexisting long before their codification by Ibn Muqla,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the two served different purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-MuslimCalligraphy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuslimCalligraphy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kufi was used primarily in decoration, while Naskh served for everyday scribal use.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.The Naskh script is believed to have existed since the first century of the Islamic calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>The <i><a href="Aleph" title="Aleph">alif</a></i> is written as a straight stroke, bending to the lower left.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naskh differentiates various sounds through the use of diacritical points, in the form of 1–3 dots above or below the letter, which makes the script more easily legible.<sup id="cite_ref-MuslimCalligraphy_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuslimCalligraphy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naskh uses a horizontal base line; in situations where one character starts within the tail of the preceding letter, the base line is broken and raised.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sixteenth-century <a href="Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a>, <a href="Sheikh_Hamdullah" title="Sheikh Hamdullah">Şeyh Hamdullah</a> (1429–1520) redesigned the structure of naskh, along with the other "Six Pens", in order to make the script appear more precise and less heavy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>The script is what is normally used electronically and as the default typeface. Examples on typefaces in naskh on <a href="Windows_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows OS">Windows</a> (W), <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> (M), <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> (L), and <a href="Google_Fonts" title="Google Fonts">Google Fonts</a> (G):

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<ul><li><a href="Arial" title="Arial">Arial</a><sup>(<span title="Windows">W</span>/<span title="iOS">M</span>)</sup> (Arabic Transparent,<sup>(<span title="Windows">W</span>)</sup> <a href="Times_New_Roman" title="Times New Roman">Times New Roman</a>)<sup>(<span title="Windows">W</span>/<span title="iOS">M</span>)</sup></li>

<li>Simplified Arabic<sup>(<span title="Windows">W</span>)</sup></li>

<li><a href="Courier_New" class="mw-redirect" title="Courier New">Courier New</a><sup>(<span title="Windows">W</span>/<span title="iOS">M</span>)</sup> (monospace)</li>

<li>Damascus<sup>(<span title="iOS">M</span>)</sup></li>

<li><a href="Noto_Naskh_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Noto Naskh Arabic">Noto Naskh Arabic</a><sup>(<span title="Google Fonts">G</span>)</sup></li>

<li>SF Arabic<sup>(<span title="iOS">M</span>)</sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Naskh was historically used heavily in the transcription of books and in administrative courtly documents.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Naskh allowed for the development of decorative elements into more supple, rounded designs, away from the common use of squared kufic in decoration. Naskh's use in architecture first began in the tenth century and had been adopted in many Muslim countries by the eleventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_use_with_Ruqʿah_style">Mixed use with Ruqʿah style</h3></div>

<ul><li>KacstOne<sup>(<span title="Linux">L</span>)</sup></li>

<li>Arabic Typesetting<sup>(<span title="Windows">W</span>)</sup></li>

<li>Al Bayan<sup>(<span title="iOS">M</span>)</sup></li>

<li>DecoType Naskh<sup>(<span title="iOS">M</span>)</sup></li>

<li>Baghdad<sup>(<span title="iOS">M</span>)</sup></li>

<li>Geeza Pro<sup>(<span title="iOS">M</span>)</sup></li>

<li>Nadeem<sup>(<span title="iOS">M</span>)</sup></li>

<li>Sakkal Majalla<sup>(<span title="Windows">W</span>)</sup></li>

<li>Traditional Arabic<sup>(<span title="Windows">W</span>)</sup></li>

<li>Amiri<sup>(<span title="Google Fonts">G</span>)</sup></li></ul>

<p>More recently, fonts, such as the <a href="Amiri_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiri Press">Bulaq Press</a>-inspired <a href="Amiri_(typeface)" title="Amiri (typeface)">Amiri</a> typeface or <a href="Monotype_Imaging" title="Monotype Imaging">Monotype Imaging</a>'s Bustani font, have created user-friendly digital manifestations of naskh for use in graphic design and digital typography, mixed with <a href="Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">14th- or 15th-century Quran with body text in <i>naskh</i></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Stonepaste dish from 13th-century Iran with a poem in <i>naskh</i> around the rim.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a> in <i>naskh</i>.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Prayer in <i>naskh</i>, 1252 AH, <a href="Vesal_Shirazi" title="Vesal Shirazi">Vesal-i Shirazi</a>, <a href="National_Library_and_Archives_of_Iran" title="National Library and Archives of Iran">National Library of Iran</a>.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">The <a href="Timurid_Quran_manuscript" title="Timurid Quran manuscript">Timurid Quran manuscript</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 15th-century</span>, written in <i>naskh</i>.</div>

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<ul><li><a href="Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah</a> (the <a href="Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> Arabic handwriting)</li>

<li><a href="Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic</a>, <a href="Urdu_keyboard" title="Urdu keyboard">Urdu</a>, other <a href="Arabic_alphabet#Keyboards" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> <a href="Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layouts</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Language_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="National Language Authority">National Language Authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Ta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Taʿlīq script">Taʿlīq script</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">

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.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}

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</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قلم النسخ</span>‎</span>, <small><a href="Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qalam an-naskh</i></span>, from the verb <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَسَخَ</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">nasakha</i></span>, 'to copy', from the root n-s-kh (ن-س-خ)</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBlair2006" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Sheila (2006). <i>Islamic calligraphy</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780748612123</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ORgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22But+there+are+specimens+of%C2%A0Naskh%C2%A0style%22"><i>بىاض</i></a>, Anjuman-e-Farsi, 1977, p. 77</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamic-awareness.org/hadith/perf731">"PERF No. 731: The Earliest Manuscript Of Malik's Muwatta' Dated To His Own Time"</a>. <i>www.islamic-awareness.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoxburgh2007" class="citation book cs1">Roxburgh, David J. (2007). <i>Writing the word of God: calligraphy and the Qur'an</i>. Houston: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780300142006</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180190749">180190749</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabic-calligraphy.com/arabic-calligraphy-styles/naskh/">"Naskh Script- Arabic calligraphy"</a>. 2017-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-MuslimCalligraphy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MuslimCalligraphy_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MuslimCalligraphy_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAli1984" class="citation journal cs1">Ali, A. K. M. Yaqub (1984). "Muslim Calligraphy: ITS Beginning and Major Styles". <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">373–</span>379. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847281">20847281</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The splendor of Islamic Abdelkebir</i>. Sijelmassi, Mohamed. New York: Thames and Hudson. 1996. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0500016755</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34275017">34275017</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/naskhi-script">"Naskhī script | Arabic, Islamic, Writing | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOry2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ory, Solange (2000-11-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX2686400107/GVRL?sid=GVRL&xid=bda4e644">"Calligraphy"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</i>. <b>1</b>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZakariya2003" class="citation journal cs1">Zakariya, Muhammad (2003-11-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3424600634/GVRL?sid=GVRL&xid=c1da65f5">"Calligraphy"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa</i>. <b>1</b>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/fonts/">"Fonts for Apple Platforms"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amirifont.org/">"مشروع الخط الأميري :: Amiri Font Project"</a>. <i>www.amirifont.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-29</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlairBloom2017" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan M., eds. (2017). <i>By the Pen and what They Write: Writing in Islamic Art and Culture</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780300228243</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/971615736">971615736</a>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Naskh_(script)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></span>.</div></div>

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</style><div id="Arabic_language475" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Alphabet</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerology</a></li>

<li><a href="Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a>

<li><a href="Arabic_diacritics#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)" title="Arabic diacritics">Tashkil</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_diacritics#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)" title="Arabic diacritics">Harakat</a></li>

<li><a href="Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li>

<li><a href="Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li>

<li><a href="Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾAlif</i></span></a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br>spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li>

<li><a href="Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li>

<li><a href="%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li>

<li><a href="Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li>

<li>Village

<ul><li>Eastern

<ul><li><a href="Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li>

<li><a href="Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li>

<li><a href="Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li>

<li>Western

<ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li>

<li><a href="Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li>Judeo-Maghrebi

<ul><li><a href="Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Central Hilal

<ul><li><a href="Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a>

<ul><li><a href="Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li>

<li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li>

<li>Eastern Hilal

<ul><li><a href="Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Maqil

<ul><li><a href="Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Sulaym

<ul><li><a href="Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li>

<li><a href="Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li>

<li><a href="Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li>

<li><a href="Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li>

<li><a href="Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li>

<li><a href="Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li>

<li>Khamseh</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li>

<li><a href="Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li>

<li><a href="San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li>

<li><a href="Tihami_Arabic" title="Tihami Arabic">Tihami</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a>

<ul><li>Bakhtiari</li>

<li>Bukhara</li>

<li>Kashkadarya</li>

<li><a href="Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a>

<li><a href="Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a>

<ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a>

<ul><li>Adeni</li>

<li>Habban</li>

<li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a><br>and <a href="Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li>

<li><a href="Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Pidgin_Madam" title="Pidgin Madam">Pidgin Madam</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Standard_Arabic_phonology" title="Standard Arabic phonology">Standard Arabic phonology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li>

<li><a href="Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li>

<li><a href="Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾIʿrāb</i></span> (case)</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li>

<li><a href="Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a><br>· <a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li>

<li><a href="Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li>

<li><a href="Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li>

<li><a href="Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li>

<li><a href="Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li>

<li><a href="Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li>

<li><a href="Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li>

<li><a href="Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li>

<li><a href="Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li>

<li><a href="Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li>

<li>MS-DOS codepages

<li><a href="MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabic_in_Islam" title="Arabic in Islam">Islam and Arabic language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li>

<li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_calligraphy226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Islamic_calligraphy226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li>

<li><a href="Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li>

<li><a href="Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li>

<li><a href="Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li>

<li><a href="Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ottoman_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman calligraphy">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li>

<li><a href="Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi (Tevki)</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nasta'liq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasta'liq">Nasta'liq</a></li>

<li><a href="Ta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Taʿlīq script">Taʿlīq</a></li>

<li><a href="Moalla_(calligraphy)" title="Moalla (calligraphy)">Moalla</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calligraffiti" title="Calligraffiti">Arabic calligraffiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li>

<li><a href="Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li>

<li><a href="Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a></li>

<li><a href="Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li>

<li><a href="Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Islamic illuminated manuscript</a></li>

<li><a href="Mughal_miniature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature">Mughal miniature</a></li>

<li><a href="Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a></li>

<li><a href="Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoomorphism#Zoomorphic_representation_in_Islamic_art" title="Zoomorphism">Islamic zoomorphism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calligraphers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Ottoman_calligraphers" title="List of Ottoman calligraphers">List of Ottoman calligraphers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Persian_calligraphers" title="List of Persian calligraphers">List of Persian calligraphers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Techniques</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kasheeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasheeda">Kasheeda</a></li>

<li><a href="Qalam" title="Qalam">Qalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_heaping" title="Word heaping">Word heaping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Al-Furqan_Islamic_Heritage_Foundation" title="Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation">Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_of_Iranian_Calligraphists" title="Society of Iranian Calligraphists">Society of Iranian Calligraphists</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Calligram" title="Persian Calligram">Persian Calligram</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Part of Islamic arts</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Naskh_(script)&oldid=1303806557">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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